Clinical Trials Information. A to Z List of Cancer Drugs. Questions to Ask about Your Treatment. Feelings and Cancer. Adjusting to Cancer. Day-to-Day Life. Support for Caregivers. Questions to Ask About Cancer. Choices for Care. Talking about Your Advanced Cancer. Planning for Advanced Cancer. Advanced Cancer and Caregivers. Questions to Ask about Advanced Cancer. Managing Cancer Care. Finding Health Care Services. Advance Directives. Using Trusted Resources.
Coronavirus Information for Patients. Clinical Trials during Coronavirus. Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer. Emotional Support for Young People with Cancer. Cancers by Body Location. Late Effects of Childhood Cancer Treatment.
Pediatric Supportive Care. Rare Cancers of Childhood Treatment. Childhood Cancer Genomics. Study Findings. Metastatic Cancer Research. Intramural Research.
Extramural Research. Cancer Research Workforce. Partners in Cancer Research. What Are Cancer Research Studies. Research Studies. Get Involved. Cancer Biology Research. Cancer Genomics Research. Research on Causes of Cancer. Cancer Prevention Research. Cancer Treatment Research.
Cancer Health Disparities. Childhood Cancers Research. Global Cancer Research. Cancer Research Infrastructure. Clinical Trials. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research. Bioinformatics, Big Data, and Cancer. Annual Report to the Nation. Research Advances by Cancer Type. Stories of Discovery. Milestones in Cancer Research and Discovery. Biomedical Citizen Science. Director's Message. Budget Proposal. Stories of Cancer Research. Driving Discovery. Highlighted Scientific Opportunities.
Research Grants. Research Funding Opportunities. Cancer Grand Challenges. When we hear about some of the causes of cancer, it may seem as if cancer is a recent ailment. Yet we've been learning that cancer has afflicted people for centuries, and as far back as the written word. Let's take a look at some of what we know about the history of cancer, and how both the ideas of causation and treatments have changed over time. The word "cancer" came from the father of medicine: Hippocrates, a Greek physician.
Hippocrates used the Greek words carcinos and carcinoma to describe tumors, thus calling cancer "karkinos. Although Hippocrates may have named the disease "cancer," he was certainly not the first to discover the disease. The history of cancer actually begins much earlier. The world's oldest documented case of cancer hails from ancient Egypt in BC.
It was treated by cauterization, which destroyed tissue with a hot instrument called "the fire drill. There is evidence that the ancient Egyptians were able to tell the difference between malignant and benign tumors. In Ancient Greece, much less was known about the human body than what is known today, of course. For example, Hippocrates believed that the body was composed of four fluids: blood, phlegm , yellow bile , and black bile.
He believed that an excess of black bile in any given site in the body caused cancer. This was the general thought of the cause of cancer for the next 1, years. Autopsies done by William Harvey in paved the way to learning more about human anatomy and physiology.
Blood circulation was discovered, opening the doors for more research on diseases. It wasn't until that autopsies were performed to research the cause of death in ill patients. Giovanni Morgagni of Padua was the first to do such autopsies.
The lymph theory developed in the 17th century, replacing Hippocrates' black bile theory on the cause of cancer. The discovery of the lymphatic system gave new insight into what may cause cancer.
What Are Cancer Research Studies. Research Studies. Get Involved. Cancer Biology Research. Cancer Genomics Research. Research on Causes of Cancer. Cancer Prevention Research. Cancer Treatment Research. Cancer Health Disparities. Childhood Cancers Research. Global Cancer Research. Cancer Research Infrastructure. Clinical Trials. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research. Bioinformatics, Big Data, and Cancer.
Annual Report to the Nation. Research Advances by Cancer Type. Stories of Discovery. Milestones in Cancer Research and Discovery. Biomedical Citizen Science. Director's Message. Budget Proposal. Stories of Cancer Research. Driving Discovery. Highlighted Scientific Opportunities. Research Grants. Research Funding Opportunities. The amount of money an insurance plan will pay in total benefits.
Once a patient's medical bills reach the total, or cap, the plan will no longer provide coverage. Both lifetime and annual caps were eliminated under the Affordable Care Act. For more information read the section summarizing this law or visit www. A combination of medical treatments for cancer and complementary therapies to help manage the symptoms and side effects of cancer.
Learn more about integrative medicine. Cancer that has spread outside the layer of tissue in which it started and has the potential to grow into other tissues or parts of the body, also called infiltrating cancer. A procedure that evaluates a sample of blood, urine, or other substance from the body to make a diagnosis, plan treatment, check whether treatment is working, or observe a disease over time.
Side effects of cancer treatment that occur months or years after a diagnosis of cancer because of the related treatments, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery. Learn more about the long-term side effects of cancer treatment. A cancer of the blood. Leukemia begins when normal white blood cells change and grow uncontrollably. Cancer that is confined to the area where it started and has not spread to other parts of the body.
Insurance that helps people with long-lasting illnesses or disabilities pay for non-medical daily services and care that ordinary health plans don't cover, such as help with eating, bathing, and dressing.
Depending on the plan, care can be given in the home or outside the home. A network of small vessels, ducts, and organs that carry fluid to and from the bloodstream and body tissues.
Through the lymphatic system, cancer can spread to other parts of the body. A cancer of the lymphatic system. Lymphoma begins when cells in the lymph system change and grow uncontrollably. Sometimes a tumor is formed. This is a type of government health insurance for people with low incomes who meet certain conditions.
Medicaid is jointly funded by the federal and state governments, but each state operates its program individually including deciding who can receive Medicaid benefits for that state. Learn more at www. This is a type of health insurance provided by the federal government for people 65 or older, as well as for some people with disabilities.
Part A covers in-patient hospital care. Part B provides financial coverage using premiums, deductibles, and a co-insurance structure for other medical expenses, such as doctor visits.
Medicare Advantage plans, or Part C, are insurance plans managed by private, approved companies. Part D provides prescription drug coverage. The spread of cancer from the place where the cancer began to another part of the body. Cancer cells can break away from the primary tumor and travel through the blood or the lymphatic system to the lymph nodes, brain, lungs, bones, liver, or other organs.
Treatment given before the main treatment. It may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy given before surgery to shrink a tumor so that it is easier to remove. Patients may be responsible for some or all of these costs.
A comparison of whether the likelihood of an event is similar between two groups; a ratio of 1 means it is equally likely between both groups. A doctor who treats cancer and provides medical care for a person diagnosed with cancer. The five main types of oncologists are medical, surgical, radiation, gynecologic, and pediatric oncologists. Learn more about the types of oncologists. Specific dates where eligible individuals are able to select or change to a new health care plan.
Once this time ends, you may need to wait until the next open enrollment period, usually a year later, to join a health care plan, unless you qualify for a special enrollment period. Find additional information at HealthCare. Medicare participants can go to www. If you have private insurance, talk with a health insurance plan representative to learn more.
It may also be called supportive care. Learn more about palliative care. A doctor who specializes in interpreting laboratory tests and evaluating cells, tissues, and organs to diagnose disease. A person, often a nurse or social worker, who helps guide patients, survivors, families, and caregivers through the health care system. Navigators offer numerous services including arranging financial support, transportation, and childcare during treatment; coordinating care among several doctors; and providing emotional support.
Learn more from the Department of Health and Human Services. An inactive drug or treatment in a clinical trial. Find out more about the current use of placebos in cancer clinical trials. Insurance benefits your employer, union, or other group provides to pay for health care services. A growth of normal tissue that usually sticks out from the lining of an organ, such as the colon. A legal document that allows a person to select another person to act on their behalf on financial matters.
Learn more about a power of attorney. Preferred Provider Organization. This is a type of private health insurance in which a person has access to a network of approved doctors, called in-network doctors. In PPOs, patients typically do not need a referral for specialist care.
A medical condition that a person already has when enrolling in a new health plan. Since , insurance plans cannot deny coverage or charge people extra because of a pre-existing condition.
Refers to cells that have the potential to become cancerous. Also called pre-malignant. The process of requesting approval from an insurance company for specific services before they happen, such as a treatment, procedure, or hospital stay; also called pre-approval. Many hospitals and clinics have precertification coordinators, patient navigators, or case managers who help patients with cancer through this process.
A tendency to develop a disease that can be triggered under certain conditions. For example, although a genetic predisposition to cancer increases a person's risk of developing cancer, it is not certain that the person will develop it. Learn more about genetics. Chance of recovery; a prediction of the outcome of a disease.
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